Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peel (full project 2023)
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of content vi
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 QUEST FOR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE 2
1.2 JUSTIFICATION 2
1.3 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 2
1.4 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES 2
CHAPTER TWO 4
LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 CASSAVA PRODUCTION IN AFRICA 4
2.2 CASSAVA PEELS 4
2.3 CYANIDE IN CASSAVA 5
2.4LIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS 6
2.4.1 SECOND GENERATION FEEDSTOCKS 7
2.4.2 STRUCTUREOFLIGNOCELLULOSICBIOMASS 8
2.5 STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF STARCH 12
2.6 PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 14
2.6.1 MECHANICALPRETREATMENT 16
2.6.2 PHYSICALPRETREATMENT 16
2.6.3 PHYSICOCHEMICALPRETREATMENT 17
2.6.4 CHEMICALPRETREATMENT 17
2.6.5 BIOLOGICALPRETREATMENT 18
2.7 HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS 19
2.8 BIOETHANOL 20
2.8.1 GLOBAL BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION 21
2.8.2 PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ETHANOL IN NIGERIA 22
2.9 MICROORGANISMS EXPLORED FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION 22
2.9.1 MICROORGANISMS OF INTEREST IN THIS RESEARCH WORK 23
2.9.2 Aspergillus niger 23
2.9.3 Zymomonas mobilis 24
2.9.4 THE METABOLIC PATHWAY OF Zymomonas mobilis 25
2.9.5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 27
2.10 MECHANISM OF YEAST FERMENTATION 28
2.10.1 INHIBITION OF ETHANOL PRODUCTIVITY IN YEAST CELLS 29
2.11 HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES 30
2.11.1 MEASUREMENT OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 31
2.11.2 AMYLASE 31
2.11.3 CELLULASE 32
2.11.4 PECTINASE 33
2.12 FERMENTED CASSAVA PEELS AS ANIMAL FOOD SUPPLEMENTS 34
CHAPTER THREE 35
MATERIALS AND METHODS 35
3.1 Collection of sample (Cassava peels) 35
3.2 Microorganisms 35
3.3 Identification of microorganisms 35
3.3.1 Aspergillus niger 35
3.3.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 35
3.4 Isolation of Zymomonas mobilis from fresh sweet Palm Wine 36
3.5 Pretreatment of Cassava peels 36
3.6 Determination of cyanide in pretreated cassava peels 36
3.7 Determination of crude fibre in pretreated cassava peels 37
3.8 Determination of Carbohydrate 37
3.9 PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES (Amylase, Cellulase, and Pectinase) 37
3.10 Assay for Cellulase activity 38
3.11Assay for pectinase activity 38
3.12 Assay for amylase activity 39
3.13 Enzyme Hydrolysis 39
3.14 Microbial Hydrolysis 39
3.15 Determination of Reducing Sugar 40
3.16 Fermentation of the Hydrolysate 40
3.17 Distillation 40
3.18 Determination of Percentage Ethanol Yield 40
3.19 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE HYDROLYSATE 41
3.19.1 Total ash 41
3.19.2 Crude fat 41
3.19.3 Crude fibre 41
3.19.4 Crude Protein 42
3.20 Determination of Phosphorus in the Waste after fermentation 42
3.21 Determination of Nitrogen in the Waste after fermentation 42
3.22 Determination of potassium 43
3.23 Analysis of data 43
CHAPTER FOUR 44
4.1 Result 44
4.2 Discussion of result 52
CHAPTER FIVE 56
CONCLUSION 56
RECOMMENDATION 56
REFERENCE 57
APPENDIX 77
Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peel (full project 2023)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Cassava is one of the important food crops that survive conditions of low nutrient availability and drought (John, 2004). History revealed that cassava originates from Brazil and was introduced into West Africa by Portuguese and today, over 600 million people from Africa, Asia and Latin America depend on cassava for food (Asegbeloyin and Onyimonyi, 2007). Cassava was introduced into Nigeria 300 years ago and became generally accepted and cultivated in late 1990s (Nigeria Cassava Master Plan, 2006). Today, Nigeria is the highest producer of cassava in the world, producing higher than Brazil, Thailand and Indonesia (Asegbeloyin and Onyimonyi, 2007).
Cassava has been a raw material globally for industrial production of textiles, papers, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and various food products because it is rich in carbohydrate with high energy density and has generated great impact in world economics (Aigbe and Remison, 2010). Cassava and it is by – products are renewable source of energy that pose no threat to the environment and has been used by several researchers in the production of biofuel (Musatto and Teixira, 2010).
Interest in the production of biofuel from agricultural wastes is driven by several reasons such as: global search for alternative source of energy and transportation fuel to replace the depleting fossil fuel. It was also because of several benefits derivable from the use of ethanol. These benefits includes: the use of ethanol as solvents, germicides, antifreeze and intermediates for other organic chemicals (Kingsley, 2012). Bioethanol can be produced by fermenting sugars in plant materials as opposed to synthetic ethanol production from petrochemical sources (Oyeleke a Jibrin, 2009).
Ethanol is pollution free, biodegradable, renewable, cause no climate change and the by – product of fermentation can be used as animal feedstock (Adelekan, 2010; Teerapatr, Lerdluk and La-aied, 2010). It has been estimated that 2.96 million metric tons of cassava peels is generated annually in Nigeria from processing cassava to various food products (Nwabueze and Otunwa, 2006). These enormous wastes that constitute 20 – 35% of the weight of cassava tuber are discarded with consequent implication of environmental pollution. In view of this, it has become necessaryto convert this waste to useful end products in other not to pose threat to the environment (Nwabueze and Otunwa, 2006).
The earth experienced an increase in the mean temperature in the 19th century due to emission of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide has been the largest greenhouse gas emitted through combustion of fossil fuel as coal, oil and natural gases (Sun and Cheng, 2002). United States alone is responsible for 25% of global energy consumption and 25% of the world carbon dioxide emission. Researches have shown that the deposit of crude oil in the earth crust is gradually depleting with time. This reason couple with the continuous hike in the pump price has driven global attention to the search for a renewable energy source to serve as transportation fuel and power industrial machines (Jin, Michel, Wyman and Dale, 2003).Bioethanol produced from fermentation of sugars in plants has been discovered to be a perfect replacement for gasoline in some advanced countries (Sharma, Kalra, Oberoi and Bansal, 2007).
- STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Large tons of cassava wastes are discarded annually in Nigeria when cassava is processed to various food products. This waste ends up in open dumps or drainage systems, threatening both surface water and ground water quality. It is therefore necessary to convert these wastes to useful end products rather than allowing them to become nuisance to the environment.
- JUSTIFICATION
The global search for alternative renewable transportation fuel to replace the depleting fossil fuel is on the increase due to hike in petroleum price and global warming. This research work is aimed at investigating the possibility of transforming cassava peels to valuable products like ethanol, animal feedstock or fertilizer, thereby contributing toward alternative energy supply as well as creating employment opportunity.
Production of Ethanol from Cassava Peel (full project 2023)
- RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM
The aim of this research work is to produce ethanol from Cassava peels using Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and compare ethanol yield of the two organisms.
OBJECTIVES
The overall objectives of this work are:
- To determine the pretreatment method for cyanide removal in cassava peels.
- To determine the condition for enzyme hydrolysis of pretreated cassava peels.
- To establish fermentation condition for hydrolyzed cassava peel.
- To determine the yield of ethanol produced from fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- To assess the fermentation residue for possible organic fertilizer or animal feedstock.
Lawson Peter – Chief Editor in Projectvilla Nigeria. A writer and academic researcher.